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12-17: Review Questions

Chapter 12 - Serology

  1. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood can be classified by its type.
  2. No two individuals, except for identical twins, can be expected to have the same combination of blood types or antigens. True
  3. Plasma is the fluid portion of unclotted blood.
  4. The liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed is called the serum.
  5. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
  6. On the surface of the red blood cells are chemical substances called antigens. It is these substances that impart blood type characteristics.
  7. Type A individuals have A antigens located on the surface of their red blood cells.
  8. Type O persons have (both, neither) A and B antigens on their cells. neither
  9. It is the presence or absence of the A and B antigens on th red blood cells that determines a person's blood type in the A-B-O system.
  10. The D antigen is also known as the Rh antigen.
  11. Serum contains proteins known as antibodies, which destroy or inactivate antigens.
  12. An antibody will react with only a specific antigen.
  13. Agglutination describes the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody. True
  14. Type B blood contains B antigens and anti-A anti-bodies.
  15. Type AB blood has (both, neither) anti-A (and, nor) anti-B. neither/nor
  16. A drug-protein complex can be injected into an animal to cause the formation of specific antibodies for that drug.
  17. The term serology describes the study of antigen-antibody reactions.
  18. Type AB blood will (be, not be) agglutinated by anti-A and anti-B serum. be
  19. Type B red blood cells will agglutinate when added to type A blood.
  20. Type A cells will agglutinate when added to type O blood.
  21. An immunological assay technique currently being used to detect the presence of minute quantities of drugs in blood and urine is radioimmunoassay or enzyme-multiplied immuno-assay technique.
  22. The distribution of type A blood in the United States is approximately (42,15) percent. 42
  23. The distribution of type AB blood in the United States is approximately (12,3) percent. 3
  24. (All, Most) blood hemoglobin has peroxidase-like activity. All
  25. For many years, the most commonly used color test for identifying blood was the benzidine color test.
  26. Luminol reagent reacts with blood, causing it to luminesce.
  27. Blood can be characterized as being of human origin by the precipitin test.
  28. Antigens and antibodies (can, cannot) be induced to move toward one another under the influence of an electrical field. can
  29. The absorption-elution technique is the current method of choice for the indirect typing of bloodstains.
  30. Approximately 80 percent of the population are classified as secretors.
  31. Enzymes are proteins that have important functions in regulating many of the body's chemical reactions.
  32. Enzymes that exist in different forms in a population are (polymorphic, monomorphic). polymorphic
  33. Protein and enzyme components can be separated and typed by the tecnique of electrophoresis.
  34. The shape of bloodstains may provide useful information regarding the direction, dropping distance, and angle of impact of spattered blood. True
  35. The basic unit of heredity is the gene.
  36. Genes are positioned on threadlike bodies called chromosomes.
  37. All cells in the human body, except the reproductive cells, have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
  38. The sex of an offspring is always determined by the father.
  39. Genes that influence a given characteristic and are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair are known as alleles.
  40. When a pair of allelic genes are identical, they are said to be (homozygous, heterozygous). homozygous
  41. A (phenotype, genotype) is an observable characteristic of an individual. phenotype
  42. The combination of genes present in the cells of an individual is called the genotype.
  43. A gene (will, will not) appear in a child when it is present in one of the parents. will
  44. A type B person may have the genotype BB or the genotype BO.
  45. A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible genotypes? AA, BB, AB
  46. A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible phenotypes? A, B, AB
  47. The acid phosphatase color test is used to locate and characterize seminal stains.
  48. Semen is unequivocally identified by the microscopic appearance of spermatazoa.
  49. Males having a low sperm count suffer from a condition known as (oligospermia, aspermia). oligospermia
  50. The protein P30 is unique to seminal plasma.
  51. DNA may be transferred to an object through the medium of perspiration. True
  52. Seminal constituents may remain in the vagina for up to six days after intercourse. True

Chapter 13: DNA - A New Forensic Science Tool

  1. The fundamental unit of heredity is the gene.
  2. Each gene is actually composed of DNA, specifically designed to carry out a single body function.
  3. A polymer is a very large molecule made by linking together a series of repeating units.
  4. A nucleotide is composed of a sugar molecule, a phosphorous-containing group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base.
  5. DNA is actually a very large molecule made by linking together a series of nucleotides to form a natural polymer.
  6. How many different bases are associated with the makeup of DNA? 4
  7. Watson and Crick demonstrated that DNA is composed of two strands coiled into the shape of a double helix.
  8. The structure of DNA required the pairing of base A to base T and base G to Base C.
  9. The base sequence T-G-C-A can be paired with the base sequence A-G-C-T in a double-helix configuration.
  10. The inheritable traits that are controlled by DNA arise out of DNA's ability to direct the production of proteins.
  11. Proteins are derived from a combination of up to 20 known amino acids.
  12. The production of an amino acid is controlled by a sequence of how many bases on the DNA molecule? Three
  13. Enzymes known as DNA polymerase assemble new DNA strands into a proper base sequence during replication. True
  14. DNA can be copied outside a living cell. True
  15. Recombinant DNA relies on the ability of chemicals known as restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments.
  16. All the letter sequences in DNA code for the production of proteins. False
  17. In RFLP/DNA typing, restriction enzymes are used to cut out (repeating/random) sequences from the DNA molecule. repeating
  18. In RFLP/DNA typing, restriction enzymes are used to cut out sequences of DNA having different (widths/lengths). Lengths
  19. DNA fragments can be sorted out according to their size by the technique of electrophoresis
  20. In the RFLP/DNA typing process, DNA fragments are transferred to a nylon membrane by a process called Southern blotting.
  21. In the RFLP/DNA typing process, a radioactively labeled probe is used to visualize the separated DNA fragments. True
  22. The probe complementary to the base sequence T-A-G has the letter sequence A-T-C
  23. In RFLP/DNA typing, a typical DNA pattern will show (two/three) bands. Two
  24. Specimens amenable to DNa typing are blood, semen, body tissues, and hair. True
  25. The current PCR typing system for DQA1 can distinguish twenty-eight DQA1 types ranging in frequency from 1 percent to 11 percent.
  26. Short DNA segments containing repeating sequences of three to seven bases are called Short Tandem Repeats (STR).
  27. The concept of (CODIS/multiplexing) involves the simultaneous detection of more than one DNA marker. Multiplexing
  28. DNA fragments can be separated and identified by (gas chromatography/capillary electrophoresis). capillary electrophoresis
  29. The amelogenin gene will show two bands for a (male/female) and one band for a (male/female). male, female
  30. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from which parent? Mother
  31. Mitochondrial DNA is more plentiful in the human cell as compared to nuclear DNA. True
  32. (Two/Three) regions of mitochondrial DNA have been found to be highly variable in the human population. Two
  33. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is part of the process used in the forensic analysis of DQA1, Polymarker, STR's, and mitochondrial DNA. True
  34. The national DNA database in the United States has standardized on thirteen STRs for entry into the database.
  35. Small amounts of blood are best submitted to a crime laboratory in a dry condition.
  36. Airtight packages make the best containers for blood-containing evidence. False
  37. Whole blood collected for DNA typing purposes must be placed in a vacu-container containing the preservative EDTA.
  38. A typical STR pattern emanating from a single individual will show a two band pattern.

Chapter 15 - Firearms, Tool Marks and other Impressions

  1. The land is the original part of the bore left after rifling grooves are formed.
  2. the diameter of the gun barrell is known as its caliber.
  3. The number of lands and grooves is a(n) (class/individual) characteristic of a barrell. Class
  4. The (individual/class) characteristics of a rifled barrel are formed by striations impressed into the barrel's surface. individual
  5. The single most impo

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